Cultural Translation The Location Of Culture - 1824 Words

Sultan Molay Slimane University Faculty of Letters and Humanities SLCE Master Program 2016/2017 Cultural Translation SADIK SAMLALI Homi K. Bhabha: The Location of Culture (1994) INTRODUCTION â€Å"Locations of culture† In his book The Location of Culture (1994), Homi. K Bhabha tries to explore the question of how can we understand postcolonial cultures and to know where can we locate them. It is a seminal work that can be located within the sphere of multi-cultural awareness which emerged in 1990s to open horizons for studies on how hybridity and cosmopolitanism affects identity and culture. This book is also an attempt to go beyond what other preceding works stopped at. If E. Said (1978) focuses on the opposing binaries of west/non-west to argue on how cultures and identities should be described, Bhabha goes beyond such binaries through challenging that ideas that postcolonial cultures are the result of a monolithic and organic classification of human groups and that an individual’s identity is a mere consequence of fixed patterns of language manifesting in education, politics, gender, etc. On the contrary, Bhabha contends that cultural hybridity is the appropriate frame through which individuals and groups can be described and identified. For him, cultural hybridity has the ability to shape/reshape the individual as well as its identity. 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The Rise And The Spread Of Christianity Essay - 1154 Words

The rise and the spread of Christianity The Christianity thought to have been rise at the time when Jesus began to predicate his lessons to his followers in Judea and Galilee round the year 30 A.D. Then, it was spreaded through the Hellenistic world including all Greek speaking cities administrated from the Roman Empire. The key figure of Christianity is Jesus, about him we learned only in the Paul`s letters, one of his followers lived during the 50`s – 60`s A.D. Jesus born round 4 B.C.E in Nazareth, was a preacher and thought to have had unusually healing power. He became very popular and was followed by crowds of people wherever he went. His movement was considered as political power and so Roman empire concerned from Jesus arrested and crucified him. But this was not the end of his story, Paul of Tarsus began to preaches his lessons. In the 1st century AD the apostle Paul and other missionaries traveled through the Roman Empire and converted many people to Christianity. 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The spread of these new religions all shared certain unique aspects of spreading. These three religions shared what made them global and universal. Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism, fit the definition of world religion for the reasons that they each were not culturally specific nor gender specific, incorporated other religions and appealed to all social classes and these religions spread by way of war andRead MoreChristianity And Its Impact On The Development Of Christianity1283 Words   |  6 PagesChristianity was born and flourished in an empire where the common language was Latin and Greek. Two important people like Paul and Constantine further influenced and were a major part of the development of Christianity. 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Soccer the Game of My Life Free Essays

General purpose: To inform Goal: In my speech I would like to talk to my audience about soccer, which is my hobby. Introduction I. I am sure each of you have a hobby or an activity, which is an escape from the everyday life. We will write a custom essay sample on Soccer: the Game of My Life or any similar topic only for you Order Now II. Such as hobbies or sport activities let’s you relief the stress, and give you the strength to live. III. I also have a hobby, which is soccer. I play soccer since I was a little boy, and it had a big influence on my life. IV. Today, I would like to tell you about how playing soccer shaped my physical and mental strength, allowed me to travel, and meet people and friends. Body I. To begin, let’s talk about health benefits I gained from playing soccer. A. I shaped my overall physical strength and health. 1. Years of playing soccer let me keep my body in good shape. Running, jumping, and stretching, had build up my flexibility, endurance, and physical strength. 2. Continuous training allowed me to stay healthy all the time. Beside occasional colds or flu I never got sick. B. Pushing my body to hard work influenced my mental strength. 1. The desire to win the game and the endless forcing myself to work hard taught me to never give up, to â€Å"fight to the last whistle†. 2. Soccer allows me to escape from the everyday life. When I play soccer, I forget about all my worries and problems. During the game my stress is relived. Transition: Beside physical and mental health I also received many social benefits from soccer. II. I did travel a lot; I met many people, and made lots of friends. A. Many years of playing soccer allowed me visited many places. 1. Playing in regular season involved travel in a bus around the country. There was always time to stop to see important monuments, explore interesting places or cities. 2. To prepare for the season we often travel to other countries for several days. I have visited many cities in Russia, Ukraine, Slovakia, or Germany. 3. Now, when I am playing for Tarnovia Chicago, I do traveling as well. My team is participating in the soccer tournaments hosted in Wisconsin, Michigan, New Jersey, California, and Florida. B. While traveling with the team I met many new friends. 1. Traveling involves spending a lot of time with your teammates. Long bus and train rides, or living in the same room give plenty of time to play, talk, and get to know each other. 2. I also met many people on the field from the opponent teams. With some of those people we have set specific form of friendship, which only exists on the soccer field. We meet once a while at the game and we enjoy playing against each other. Conclusion Summing up my speech, soccer is a team sport, where the personal strengths, trust, and friendships between people are being formed. Those are the things I value the soccer for. How to cite Soccer: the Game of My Life, Papers

Current Native American Issue free essay sample

A current issue involving the Native Americans and the federal government is the settling of Cobell vs. Salazar Lawsuit filed in 1996. The lawsuit alleged illegal conduct in the management of Native American money held in trust accounts and managed by the Bureau of Indian Affairs. The trust was established to allow nontribal groups to use Native American lands. The trust contains money from oil and gas production, coal production, grazing leases, and timber sales. Elouise Cobell was the treasurer of the Blackfoot tribe in the 1980’s. During her time as treasurer she discovered many irregularities in the handling of funds held in trust by the United States. For over a decade Ms. Cobell worked with Washington to get resolution to the matter. After no response to her repeated request she filed her lawsuit. In her lawsuit Ms. Cobell asked the Department of the Interior to account for its management of individual accounts for Native Americans. We will write a custom essay sample on Current Native American Issue or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The monies in question are in a trust managed by the Bureau of Indian Affairs. Beginning in 1928 and ending in 1996, there have been over thirty audits performed on the accounts. All thirty audits noted serious accounting and management problems. There are many missing documents and others are totally inaccurate. The United States government has lost, misappropriated, or stolen billions of dollars from the Native Americans in this trust. The settlement of $3. 4 billion dollars is the largest ever in the history of America. A major problem with the settlement is the amount awarded to a person is based on money generated by their account. The accounts were mismanaged and will show inaccurate amounts of money earned. It is an on going effort to determine how many Native Americans the settlement will effect and how much money they will each receive.

chrysanthemums Essay Example

chrysanthemums Essay A Womans Frustration in the Gender-Divided World An Analysis of Steinbecks The Chrysanthemums In his 1933 letter to a friend, John Steinbeck talks about his newly composed short story The Chrysanthemums: It is entirely different and is designed to strike without the readers knowledge (qtd. in Segal 214). It has indeed achieved the effect: ever since its publication, critics and readers, who unanimously feel that something profound has happened to him (qtd. in Segal 214), try in each way to fgure out under and between the lines the theme of the story. While generally interpreting the ale as one about a womans frustration, critics put forward different reasons to explain the what and the how. Some critics relate the protagonist Elisa Allens discontent and loneliness to the fact that she has no children and therefore is thwarted in her motherhood; and others, perceiving that Elisa and her husband Henrys relation lacks deep understanding and passion, suggest that sex-starvation is the cause of her sense of repression; still others treat the story as a tale of a bored middle-age housewife, believing that Elisas discontent is caused by her vague onging for illusive romance (Segal 214). Undoubtedly these analyses help, in various degrees, shed light on the understanding of the tale. We will write a custom essay sample on chrysanthemums specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on chrysanthemums specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on chrysanthemums specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer However, they havent exhausted the complexity of the theme yet. If we approach the story by a close reading, taking adequate notice of the images and symbols which Steinbeck has carefully woven into the story, we may find that The Chrysanthemums is also a profound tale of gender, a story of the doomed frustration of a female who, in her attempt at self-fulfillment, unwittingly and yet inevitably trespasses upon the world branded as belonging to male gender. As we know, gender as a social construction, is the way we are socially defined. As Scott Carpenter points out: [o]ur lives are steeped in distinctions based on gender, and these distinctions have a real, demonstrable impact on the way people live and interact (89). As a woman, Elisas gender decides the role she should play, the work she is allowed to do, and the very style of life she has but to accept. In the binary oppositions of gender there exist two and only two possibilities: male and female, or Ladies and Gents. Transgressions are not tolerated, as Carpenter maintains, for inary oppositions are rarely even-handed, one term of the pair almost always enjoying the privileged status over the other (95). Therefore, in order to maintain male dominance and privilege over female, this proposition is rigorously maintainedor even policed(Carpenter 90). As soon as Elisa tries to break through the confinement of her gender, she inevitably bruises herself. The opening imagery sets the tone for the whole story. It not only depicts the protagonist Elisa Allens repressive life, but also foreshadows her inevitable disillusionment. The Salinas Valley is described as closed off by the high grey- alley a closed pot (Steinbeck 169). There is a prevailing sense of repression and confinement. Yet the repressive sense is mixed somehow with glimmering hope. We are told that the land floor of the valley is plowed deeply to receive the expected rains. It was a time of quiet and of waiting the light wind blew up so that the farmers were hopeful of a good rain (169). The land is expecting the nourishing rains; the protagonist is in a vague yearning of a relief from the barren and confined life. But the promise of rain is an irony: fog and rain do not go together (169). Similarly, the hope of breaking through the closed pot for Elisa is an illusion. When Elisa Allen first appears in the story, she is working in her flower garden with her chrysanthemums, while across the yard, her husband Henry is talking business with two businessmen by the tractor shed. Distinctly two worlds in binary oppositions of gender are presented to us: one is the female world of gardening and housekeeping, the other is the male world of business, machinery and farming. However, the problem of this distinction is immediately shown in the images of Elisas house and her way of gardening. The little house is hard-swept, the windows are hard-polished and even the mud-mat on the front steps is clean (italics added). She is doing more than good. Obviously, housekeeping is far from being a sufficient challenge for such an energetic and strong woman. Consequently, she pours her energy onto the gardening. Wearing a heavy gardening costume, a mans black hat, and clodhopper shoes, she works in a way a man treats his occupation; even her work with the scissors was over-eager, over-powerful. The chrysanthemum stems seemed too small and easy for her energy (169). Elisas bounded energy and otential finds its only outlet in growing chrysanthemums. But Henrys remarks on her flowers revealingly indicate the significance, or rather insignificance of her gardening: miouVe got a strong new crop coming (170). Its ironical praise, with the implication that the chrysanthemums are NOT crops and therefore are not of any value in a pragmatic sense. If we regard chrysanthemums as a symbol related to Elisas potential, then this potential is neither recognized nor valued. The tinker comes, bringing double illusions for rains-expecting Elisa. First, he enchants Elisa with an aura of a free life which Elisa has never had a taste of except n her imagination. In term of physical appearance, the sloppy stubble-beard tinker is by no means attractive. In fact, stopping in front of Elisas house, this strange sloppy team of man, horse, burro, and mongrel dog strikingly contrast with Elisas neat and clean house and wire-fenced garden. However, the tinkers nomadic and free way of life in the wagon sounds like a nice kind of a way to live to Elisa, awakening her lurking yearning for a different unbounded life (172). After conversing with the tinker for a while, she expresses her wish explicitly: It must be nice. I wish women could do such things. But, the tinkers answer [i]t aint the right kind of a life for a woman (175)indicates equally explicitly that this way of living is only for man, not right for woman. Elisa is wishing for something beyond her gender. The tinkers insincere praise of the chrysanthemums constitutes a deceiving that the tinker is interested in her flowers, [t]he irritation and resistance melted from Elisas face (173). Too excited in finding a person who knows the worth and value of her work, Elisa fails to notice the discernible lies in the tinkers oily words. She eagerly and excitedly transplants the buds for the tinker so that he can bring the flower to a lady who, as the reader knows, actually does not exist. The dramatic irony here echoes the irony in the opening imagery of false promise of the rain, building up continually until the last revelation for the protagonist. The encounter of the tinker and Elisa is also a confrontation between a man and a woman. Elisas eagerness to show her chrysanthemums results only from her excitement in finding a kindred spirit, but also is partly due to her intention to compete with the tinker in terms of competency for work. As we have noticed, the inkers sloppiness is in striking contrast to Elisas competent neatness. He is not efficient and competent except when he starts his work. When Elisa hands the saucepans for him to repair, [h]is manner changed. He became professional (174). But, Elisa launches her challenge. miou might be surprised to have a rival some time. I can sharpen scissors, too. And I can beat the dents out of little pots. I could show you what a woman might do (175). In terms of capability, Elisa is probably a far better worker. In offering the chrysanthemum buds she plants, Elisa shows her capacity and obtains a sense of triumphant pride. Enchanted by the free life of the tinker, and intoxicated by her sense of unfolding potential, Elisa imagines the night in the wagon: Every pointed star gets driven into your body. Its like that. Hot and sharp and†lively (174). If the statement is tinted with a sexual overtone, its more directed to the fascinating uninhibited life associated with the tinker rather than to the sloppy person himself. In this state of high-spirited fantasy, she murmurs good-bye to the tinker: Thats bright direction. Theres a glowing there (175). In the same state of mind, she returns to her house to have a bath before going to own with her husband. In the bathroom she tore off her soiled clothes and flung them into the corner. And then she scrubbed herself with a little block of pumice until her skin was scratched and red (176). She has to hold back the surging passion by dressing slowly. She put on her newest underclothing and her nicest stockings and the dress which was the symbol of her prettiness. She worked carefully on her hair, penciled her eyebrows and rouged her lips (176). Here the image of Elisa forms a contrast to her image in the garden. If we believe the garden image indicates Elisas o-called masculinity, then this one obviously asserts her femininity. Elisa seems to take on different gender features. Once again, gender features are called into question. A single either lor designation of gender, which speaks of our tendency for binary oppositions, is problematic when used to describe Elisa, who cannot be comfortably put into this arbitrary label. On the other hand, this change also corresponds to Elisas development of her sense privilege from mans world†the privilege of having ones own occupation. Convinced, after the encounter with the tinker, of her female potential, she is more confident ith her female self. Instead of hiding her female self under the guise of a man, she is now proudly manifesting it, unfolding herself like her chrysanthemums in full bloom. This change is, however, quite puzzling for Elisas husband. The latter blunders bewilderedly and helplessly upon seeing his wife in the house: you look different, strong and happy. When Elisa boasts, l am strong, Henry is almost stricken with fear. The familiar image of his wife seems to have undergone a mysterious change. However, Henry looked down toward the tractor shed, when he brought his eyes ack to her, they were his own again (176). He regains his composure. The world is still the old world under hismanscontrol. The realization of the same fact does not come to Elisa until she is on the way to Salinas. Far ahead on the road Elisa saw a dark speck. She knew (177). The tinker has deserted her chrysanthemum buds on the road. The chrysanthemum, whose value has not been recognized by the husband, is now more heartlessly deserted by the tinker. Ironically, that man has thrown away her treasure and kept the pot; the latter is obviously regarded as more useful. The unusual briefness of the statement she knew is charged with tension between the overwhelming pang of disappointment and Elisas ultimate effort to hold it down. The briefness of the sentence also implies the simplicity of the truth revealed to Elisa. This is the moment of epiphany for Elisa. She knows that all the while she has been manipulated by the tinker and cheated by the illusion he brings to her; she knows that her aspiration of unconfined fulfillment is totally impossible in this male dominated world; she knows that if she goes outside of the fence of her confined world and attempts something eyond what the society assigns for her gender, she inevitably bruises herself. Seized by an impulse to fight back and disgusted by the cruelty of men in their subjugation of their fellow creatures, Elisa asks Henry: at those prize fghts, do the men hurt each other very much? (177) But when Henry asks her whether she really wants to go to the prizefghts, she relaxe[s] limply in the seat. Oh, no. No. I dont want to go. Im sure I dont (177). She has no courage to venture any further into mans world now. It will be enough if we can have wine. It will be plenty (177). From gardening to wine, thats the farthest way Elisa could go. Gardening, which is usually a female Job but also occasionally attempted by men, can be done by Elisa with a tint of so-called masculinity; wine, which is a drink usually for a man, but is also allowed for a woman, can be drunk by Elisa without the danger of raising brows from the society. Elisa has been venting her repressed energy and emotion through planting chrysanthemums, and now she can only resort to the wine to quench her frustrated aspiration and to solace her bruised self-esteem. Elisa was crying weakly †like an old woman (177). She is a withered chrysanthemum now. forms a constrained point of view, corresponding with the fact that a females heart is generally not understood by the male world. In the story, neither husband nor tinker tries to comprehend Elisas inner feelings. Second, this narrative technique helps add ambiguity and complexity to the theme of the story, leaving enough space for the reader to speculate on the implied message. Most importantly of all, by using this objective point of view, Steinbeck refrains from making The Chrysanthemums a personal story, but instead, opens up a symbolic dimension. Elisas frustration is epicted not as a personal misfortune, but rather an indication of a prevailing issue in the gender-divided world: the impossibility for a woman to unfold her potential when she is confined to a subjugated role and receives only a limited possibility in the male-dominated world. Its amazing that as a male writer writing in an age when most writers concentrated on characterizations of men and their problems, Steinbeck could have such a keen perception of a womans aspiration and frustration. Its also amazing that by his adept use of symbols and carefully drawn images, Steinbeck renders so compellingly he vague and inarticulate yearnings and discontent of a woman, forcing the readers to make an attempt to understand and respect a womans heart and to rethink the validity of one of the basic foundations of the society†the division of gender. Works Cited Carpenter, Scott. Reading Lessons†An Introduction to Theory. New Jersey: Prentice- Hall, Inc. , 2000. Segal, David, et al. ed. Short Story Criticism. Vol. 2. Detroit: Gale Research Inc. , 1992. Steinbeck, John. The Chrysanthemums. British and American Fiction. Ed. Wang Shouren and Zhao Yu. Nanjing: Nanjing University Press, 1994.

Free Essays on Selective Mutism in Children

Selective Mutism in Children Selective mutism is an acquired disorder, in which a child is capable of speaking, and does so in many instances, but fails to speak in select situations where communication will typically occur. (Book) Selective mutism implies that a child suffering from this disorder does not choose to be silent, but rather become mute in situations that cause him/her to be anxious. (4) One of the most important aspects of defining this disorder is that the failure to speak is not due to the child’s lack of knowledge of spoken language or a communication disorder, but rather the psychological aspects of socialization. (8) Tramer initially labeled the disorder â€Å"elective mutism† in 1934, a term that is still used outside of North America, and it was viewed as a defiant behavior to overprotective and/or controlling parent(s). (7) In 1994, American Psychiatric Association, renamed the disorder â€Å"Selective Mutism† since the title was more appropriate for emphasizing that a child becomes mute in select social situations and not when he/she chooses not to communicate.(7) When exposed to new situations or overcoming a traumatic episode children often go through a phase of adjustment, where they may not speak for some period of time. (Book) This will not be termed selective mutism because of its course of development and etiology is different and will be managed in another way. (Book) Studies are still being conducted to figure out the minimum amount of time that a child has to be silent before he/she is diagnosed with selective mutism. For instance in a study by Brown and Lloyd, in 1975, came out with statistics regarding the number of children in school during their first year of school. (Book) When 6,072 children, that began the school year in silence, were observed started speaking with in a 32-40 week period. After an eight week period 42 children were silent, after 32 weeks 4 children and after 64 weeks only o... Free Essays on Selective Mutism in Children Free Essays on Selective Mutism in Children Selective Mutism in Children Selective mutism is an acquired disorder, in which a child is capable of speaking, and does so in many instances, but fails to speak in select situations where communication will typically occur. (Book) Selective mutism implies that a child suffering from this disorder does not choose to be silent, but rather become mute in situations that cause him/her to be anxious. (4) One of the most important aspects of defining this disorder is that the failure to speak is not due to the child’s lack of knowledge of spoken language or a communication disorder, but rather the psychological aspects of socialization. (8) Tramer initially labeled the disorder â€Å"elective mutism† in 1934, a term that is still used outside of North America, and it was viewed as a defiant behavior to overprotective and/or controlling parent(s). (7) In 1994, American Psychiatric Association, renamed the disorder â€Å"Selective Mutism† since the title was more appropriate for emphasizing that a child becomes mute in select social situations and not when he/she chooses not to communicate.(7) When exposed to new situations or overcoming a traumatic episode children often go through a phase of adjustment, where they may not speak for some period of time. (Book) This will not be termed selective mutism because of its course of development and etiology is different and will be managed in another way. (Book) Studies are still being conducted to figure out the minimum amount of time that a child has to be silent before he/she is diagnosed with selective mutism. For instance in a study by Brown and Lloyd, in 1975, came out with statistics regarding the number of children in school during their first year of school. (Book) When 6,072 children, that began the school year in silence, were observed started speaking with in a 32-40 week period. After an eight week period 42 children were silent, after 32 weeks 4 children and after 64 weeks only o...

Is Policy Modeling an Art or a Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Is Policy Modeling an Art or a Science - Essay Example According to Clausewitz and Graham Scientific discoveries came from Art therefore, there is no Science without the mixture of Art (2008 pg. 82). Policy modeling can either be an art or science. Policy Modeling according to Estrada is an experimental research work supported by use of different qualitative models techniques and hypothesis to assess the cause of the past policy implications and the effect of the same to the society globally in the future (2010). The policy modeling can be further classified into several categories; communications, infrastructure and transportation policy modeling; energy; the domestic and international trade policy modeling; miscellaneous policy modeling; environmental and natural resources management policy modeling; fiscal and government spending policy modeling; labor, employment and population policy modeling; institutional, regulation and negotiation policy modeling; production and consumption policy modeling; monetary, banking and investment polic y modeling; welfare and social policy modeling; technological and R&D policy modeling; economic growth and development policy modeling. It is complex to understand the socio-economic of world’s environment, for example, the different behavior of subsystems, sectors, and regions within different time zones.

Communication Styles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Communication Styles - Essay Example There are racial, ethnical, linguistic barriers of all sorts present in a successful organization today; multi-cultural practices have enabled the addition of quality and diverse workforce in most of the organizations. In addition to this, there are also possibilities of a difference in the communicative capacities and styles between genders. There is authentic evidence to prove the differences in the communicative capacities of different genders. Thus for an effective business environment to have a constructive flow of communication, the management has to realize the differences and act to minimize them. Research shows that the share of female labor force is increasing in the labor pool; in 1990, the female civilian workforce in the United States of America was about 58%, compared to only 34% in 1950s (Paula, 1996). Researching about the different styles of interaction between males and females is of utmost importance; it determines the quality of communication within the organization. The objective of this essay is to identify the different mindsets and communicational tools and provide recommendations to reduce the gap between the identified differences. A number of factors influence the level of communication taking place in an organization; the corporate culture being of immense importance. For examples, the discrepancies in communication may relate to their personal capacities, or the general stereotyping implicitly followed in the industry. For effective communication in business environment and a steady flow of information, it is important to facilitate equal opportunities of communication in an organization. As more and more are adding to the workforce, facilitation in the form of seminars and trainings is now being introduced to reduce the gap of gender based communication. There is no doubt regarding the different mind sets of the male and the

Opposition to Capital Punishment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Opposition to Capital Punishment - Essay Example This trend not only reflects the rise in criminal behavior in society but also underscores the government's intolerance to it. In addition, it also highlights the fact that capital punishment is no deterrent to criminal behavior. Though the statistics are alarmingly high they do not reveal the true extent of executions as many are carried out in secret, directly contravening United Nations standards. Every country has its own laws in convicting and sentencing criminals. With human rights organizations like the United Nations Commission on Human Rights and Amnesty International striving towards the goal of encouraging all countries to recognize the fundamental right for a human not to be executed, the death penalty issue is slowly changing laws worldwide. More and more countries have relaxed their capital punishment laws and established a moratorium on executions. As of 2003 all countries in the European Union who signed the Second Optional Protocol - established in 1991 - have abolished the death penalty (NSWCCL 2006). This protocol is one of the five international human rights treaties that make up the International Bill of Human Rights. Last year, five countries ratified it - Bhutan, Greece, Samoa, Senegal and Turkey have abolished the death penalty for all crimes bringing the total number of nations to have eradicated the practice to 120, outnumbering those that retain it. For countries that sustain the death penalty, the ICCPR (International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights) contains article 6 which stipulates minimum standards needed to be adopted in capital punishment cases (NSWCCL 2006). Those standards are: a) Death penalty should be imposed for the most serious crimes where there is clear and convincing evidence leaving no room for doubt as to the persons guilty of it. b) A mandatory process of appeal and clemency to higher jurisdictional courts should be allowed. c) Pregnant women, new mothers and the insane should not be executed. d) Juveniles (under 18) should not be executed. e) In all capital punishment cases those sentenced to death should have the right to seek pardon or commutation of sentence and any or both may be granted (OHCHR). While proponents say that the death penalty is the only way to keep society in check, there is little evidence that supports the view that capital punishment is a deterrent to criminal behavior. As of 2005, the rate of recidivism (the act of repeating an offence after experiencing a negative consequence - like prison time), in the US continues to be over 60% whereas in Britain it is 50% (Wikipedia 2006). While the US focuses on punishment and deterrence to keep potentially harmful persons out of society, Britain rehabilitates and educates its prisoners - thus the lower recidivism rate. A previous 1994 statistic suggests out of the 272,111 persons released from prison that year in 15 states in the US, over 67% were re-arrested for a crime within 3 years. 47% were reconvicted and 25% were re-sentenced to prison for a new crime (Bureau of Justice Statistics 2005). Clearly, prison time is no deterrent to offenders. When Canada abolished the dea

Managing a Patient Diagnosed with Breast Cancer

Managing a Patient Diagnosed with Breast Cancer Managing a patient diagnosed with breast Cancer Fungating Care context- The patient assessment and care planning took place in a care home following the patients admission due to decline in health, as she was unable to manage independently at home. In this reflective account of person-centred assessment, I will be comparing and contrasting the residents information that I undertook during my time at practical placement, associating it with the (Driscoll 2007) model, a well-known framework for reflection demonstrating (Discolls 2007) the three processes when reflecting on a residents person-centred assessment. These three processes include: what (description of the event), so what (an analysis of the event) and now what (proposed actions following the event). Driscolls model will help me apply theory to practice. In accord with the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) Code of Professional Conduct, performance and ethics (2015) protecting confidentiality and privacy of staff members and the patient all names and the place where the person- centred assessment took place will remain unidentified, for this assessment the patient will be known as Mrs Woody. First, four weeks into practical placement at the care home, I discussed with my mentor who she thought would be a suitable patient, to carry out the person-centered assessment. To prepare for this I read through all the patients care notes, by the end of the week, me and my mentor discussed that Mrs Woody was a good patient to carry out the assessment, as I was involved in the care plan, being involved in the wound dressing, this got me involved with getting to know the different types of dressings and what they were used for. Mrs Woody was diagnosed with breast Cancer with Fungating tumour. Breast tumour is a chronic disease (Lawrence 2016) that causes depression, loneliness, but other days they might feel more positive about their self(MacMillan Cancer 2014). By the end of week 5, Mrs Woody was asked if she could be the person I used for a person-centred account, I wanted to find out more about Mrs Woodys breast cancer, as I found it interesting. Mrs Woody is a patient whos got ca pacity so she could give consent herself. It is important to obtain patient consent before undertaken their care notes, this informs Mrs Woody about how her information is being used (Bowrey and Thompson 2014). When explaining things to Mrs Woody, both verbal and non-verbal communication was used. It is important that Mrs Woody knew every detail about the person-centred assessment, ensuring that her name, place and other personal details were confidential. (NMC 2015) I found it difficult talking to Mrs Woody who has been diagnosed with depression, quite difficult than I had expected, as I always made time to have a conversation with Mrs Woody, so she wouldnt feel nervous about answering questions. Mrs Woody got agitated when I spoke to her in a clear calm voice asking her simple sentences, this gave Mrs Woody, the chance to talk directly to me, and to express her feelings. There were times when Mrs Woody pretended to have not hear what I said, so Mrs Woody started talking about what she was more interested in. I then brought her back to the questions, explaining them in more detail, by adding in things about her family, which got her attention again, which is more therapeutic towards her as it is vital to nursing. I felt confident knowing that Mrs Woody was at ease when she interacted in the person -centred assessment. I interacted with Mrs Woody for the first four weeks of placement, which helped her get to know me better. This was to support and reassure Mrs Woody so she didnt feel nervous about talking to me for the first time. It also helped me to get to know Mrs Woody before undertaken the assessment, while interacting I was accessing how long, I would have to spend with Mrs Woody, given her enough time to undertake the assessment, as I knew that she liked to talk about her family. Given Mrs Woody more time will help her gather her thoughts, without being rushed. The information that I gathered from Mrs Woody did match against the information on the medical and nursing notes. The only question that was left blank in the patient and family perspective box was systems assessment when Mrs Woody was asked this question she didnt fully understand what it meant, so I tried to simplify the question, by asking her about her physiological, psychological, sociological, and spiritual status, but Mrs Woody just looked at me and stated: that she did not want to answer that question. I respected Mrs Woodys wishes and moved on to the next questions. It is very important that Mrs Woody could answer all the questions about herself, as if Mrs Woody couldnt answer any of the questions about herself then, we would have had to make a review with the doctor to check out Mrs Woodys signs and symptoms, this could have been a result of Mrs Woody being diagnosed with dementia. The questions Mrs Woody answered were straight forward questions, about her past and relevan t questions. After getting consent from Mrs Woody, I was able to collect relevant case notes under the supervision of my mentor, the case notes contained past medical history, dietitian,doctors notes and care plans. My mentor was involved in the whole interview of Mrs Woody, who was in her bedroom this interview was undertaken in a confidential place (NMC 2015) as it was personal towards Mrs Woody. I explained to Mrs Woody in an informal manner, what was going to happen, and if it was okay to carry out the assessment today. By asking Mrs Woody if it was okay to undertake the person- centred assessment, showed that I was respecting her rights, in what she wanted to do. To improve Mrs Woodys care needs we could have carried out this assessment when her family was there, this way we could have got more information out of Mrs Woody about her past medical history. I gathered accurate information on my one-to-one talk, to support Mrs Woodys clinical care needs, I will be researching nutrition for Anorexia Cachexia Cancer. Doing this condition for Mrs Woodys clinical care, allows me to see what the problems can cause and how the illness can result in different parts of the body, for example, this can cause loss of appetite due to Mrs Woody having Cancer, Mrs Woody is losing electrolytes and proteins from the wound, as nutrition has a big impact on the wound healing. I felt that doing this type of cancer was good as if I didnt understand something about the condition I could go back and ask my mentor, this support was good for a student as your learning off another member of staff, in the care setting instead of reading journals. In conclusion, it is seen that I have mentioned the (Driscoll 2007) model of reflection. Stating the reasons why this framework was chosen as well as why reflection is important in Nursing. By using the three stages in the (Driscoll 2007) model of reflection this has helped to develop a therapeutic relationship with Mrs Woody by using interpersonal skills. This shows that Mrs Woody feels safe and happy within the care setting, and gets on well with staff members, as Mrs Woody was unable to manage independently at home due to her being diagnosed with breast Cancer Fungating. Mrs Woody communicated well with me and the nurse, during the assessment, this is very important. This shows that Mrs Woody feels comfortable and has a good relationship with the health professional staff, when talking to professionals about her personal care plan. Overall, I feel that getting to know the patient before doing the assessment, made it easier for me to communicate with Mrs Woody, as having a relation ship with her made the conversation flow more easily, making Mrs Woody not feel nervous. This skill is essential towards nursing, as I found Mrs Woody felt comfortable talking to professionals. If I was to undertake this person-centred assessment again to make it better, I would get the family involved in the person- centred assessment, by getting the family involved they could have supported, what Mrs Woody was saying, by expanding on what she was asked, this could have given me more detail about her past and relevant medical history. This makes it clear why Mrs Woody kept on getting distracted and talking about her family. If Mrs Woodys family was in the room this might not have happened. When consent was given from Mrs Woody within the end of week 4, I could have given her a date when the assessment was going to be done and should have given her a choice if she wanted her family to be present when the assessment was being done. By given Mrs Woody the choice this was respecting Mrs Woodys rights. The main learning that I as a student Nurse, can take from this reflecting practice is that (Driscoll 2007) model is effective on health professionals, as the three reflective questions make you think more as what you have to develop, and analyse what you just done. This model helped me to develop my learning skills. (Driscoll 2007) model can identify weaknesses and strengths when it comes to someones care. Developing new skills reflecting on past experience can help me achieve my highest potential, as with the (Driscoll 2007) model it has outlined my weaknesses and strengths. Part 3 Using information and data gathered during the assessment process identify one clinical care need for your patient and discuss the evidence based rationale for this choice. The clinical care need that I have chosen to reflect on within the person-centred assessment is nutrition, for patients with Cancer Anorexia Cachexia. With Cancer Anorexia Cachexia symptoms it is a metabolic disorder (Tazi and Errihani 2010). Cancer Anorexia Cachexia happens when a patient like Mrs Woody, losses weight, fatigue and feels weak, with increase weight loss resulting in loss of fat mass. This is not the patients choice in wanting to lose weight as weight loss is involuntary, it can not be even prevented by nutritional support (Mondello 2015). This condition can be seen as an end of life or chronic condition, such as, infections, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), chronic pulmonary disease and renal disease (Tomoyoshi 2015). Nutriment is important in helping patients with Cancer treatment and the development to become better (Reeves et al. 2007). Having a poor diet when having Cancer Anorexia Cachexia is a common problem with most Cancer patients, as it has been known to have vital symptoms of poor outcomes, such as decreased quality of life, making them weak and losing their ability to mobilise. Cancer patients needs a good balanced diet for the body to store nutrition, and maintain their body weight, a good balanced diet, this will have an effect on good quality life (American Cancer Society 2015). While if cancer patients have a poor diet, this can cause undernutrition, which leads to the patient having a high factor of infections, increasing their end of life care (Vigano et al. 1994) With Mrs Woody having Cancer Anorexia Cachexia at the age of 83 years old unfortunately, there is no treatment for anyone with this condition (Fearon 2013) having this condition it is vitally important that Mrs Woodys clinical status is took into consideration when caring for her, as due to the factor that she is 83 and has this condition it does not only lead to weight loss, but can also affect other symptoms, ÂÂ  Promoting positive outcomes from the health professionals for Cancer Anorexia Catherxia by increasing dietary needs, and minimising symptoms which will influence the patients quality of life (Bauer 2007). Due to not having enough nutrition in the body, this has effected Mrs Woodys mobility making her need assistance with two people. This condition affects the skeletal muscle wasting, and body weight as nutrition has been decrease. Lacking appetite is a problem for Cancer Anorexia Cachexia patients as this might have a different mindset on therapeutic options. Decrease weight loss, could be due to being diagnosed with cancer, causing the patient to have not only have decreased nutritional intake, but swallowing can also be a problem (Bauer 2007) It is important that health professionals detect and treat Mrs Woody with other causes that Cancer Anorexia Cachexia brings to her, such as depression, Mrs Woody is a palliative patient, depression can effect Mrs Woody differently some days, she might get up one morning feeling content, or other mornings it might affect her my getting up feeling depressed and an inability for her mood to be lighted. Pain is another factor effecting Mrs Woody, p ain is common in cancer patients, and in lifelong illnesses (Higginson and Costanantins 2008). With Mrs Woody having Cancer Anorexia Cachexia her pain should be well controlled as there is medicine to prevent her feeling in discomfort. It should be recommended that every patient with Cancer Anorexia Cachexia, to see about nutritional counselling as this will help patients who have this condition, being seen by a nutritional will help a patient like Mrs Woody to establish her physical function and body weight (Ravasco 2007). When attending a nutritional counselling for Cancer Anorexia Cachexia that a patient gets full support out of attending, which will include different nutritional aspects, eating problems and clinical history. This allows the patient with Cancer Anorexia Cachexia to keep a food diary, keeping a diary will help them see if there is any dietary changes, the diary will show the intake of caloric and show if there is any energy deficit. With the increase of caloric intake and nutrition, patients with Cancer Anorexia Cachexia have to understand that sometimes it does not work, with the increase of caloric it is known to help cancers. (Norleena 2011) Being diagnosed with cancer it is known that having treatment can cause nutrition symptoms. Nutrition systems can cause obstruct oral intake, which then leads to the patient losing weight. This includes, different symptoms like, nausea, sore mouth, problems with swallowing, depression and changes in the smell and taste (Wojtaszek et al 2002) With having any of these symptoms it can impact the patients quality of life. It is advised that patients go and see a Dietician, Oncology, or even a nurse, as having any of these symptoms can affect the patients ability to eat. Getting the help from a health care professional will decrease the side effects in some way, as well as helping the patient to eat again and enjoy their food. Health care professionals, within the care setting are involved in sending Mrs Woody to nutritional screening assessment. There are a variety of assessments that can be carried out for patients who are at a risk of nutrition, they use different assessment like skin testing, hypersensitity (delayed) and guidelines to institution- specific. Conclusion With the clinical care need of nutrition for patients being diagnosed with Cancer Anorexia Cachexia this condition is a metabolic disorder. It is important that for the best clinical care for patients being diagnosed with this condition, that they stick with the nutritional assessment of Cancer Anorexia Cachexia. Also having this condition the patient can talk to a health care professional, if they are having problems with eating or swallowing, also professionals help patients to set goals appropriately, which then improves quality of life for the patient. Some researchers have seen Cancer Anorexia Cachexia as an end of life condition, if they dont have a good nutrition Identify an outcome focused goal for this clinical care need, ensuring the goal involves the patient and is SMART (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, Timely). The goal that I will be focusing on for Mrs Woody is a 45 diet plan, for patients with Cancer Anorexia Cachexia which will involve the SMART assessment. The SMART assessment is what goal you want to achieve, there are five main parts to this goal and they include Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Relevant and Timely. (Haughey. 2015) A specific goal for a Cancer patient in a care home setting is to improve the increase of calorie, by improving calorie this will improve quality of life to symptom manage nausea . The increase to calorie are different for each patient, this is due to everyone being different sizes, people being taller than others, treatment and side effects. A high calorie should be recommended for the patient, as it prevents the patient losing weight (Wickham et al 2015). The goal for Measurable in a Cancer patient is weight management. With the increase of calories into the diet will help to maintain some body weight, if the patient is well enough it is vital that they get referred to the dietician, for supplements and weekly weight. The UK guidelines do not have a set guideline for doing physical exercise after treatment (Cancer Research UK 2015). But it is recommended by the (Macmillan Cancer Support 2012) that exercise is a good way to help control weight by muscle strength, and cardiovascular exercise. This will improve the patients quality of life, keeping their mind of their condition. Achievable goals for a Cancer patient, is necessary when on a 45 diet plan, increasing a Cancer patients appetite, sometimes the psychological aspect of Cancer, appetite can be affected by mood, general health and ability to fight infection, soÂÂ   using a MUST tool will help improve the patients appetite, which will be documented in a food diary. In the food diary the health care staff will keep an eye on the intake of fortifying diet, adding calories and high calorific snacks to the diet. Smoothies are good for adding in calories, as they have a range of vitamins in them. Vitamins are important nutrient for Cancer patients as it will decrease side effects, and helps the immune system (Parker 2017). A realistic goal for a Cancer patient when on the 45 diet plan, is to increase weight, and not to lose weight. With a patient being underweight it can cause infections. These infections can be hair falling out, or/and decrease body muscle. When a patient is underweight there is a high risk of the patient being diagnosed, with Osteoporosis, being underweight people find it hard to absorb minerals and vitamins (Meghan 2008). The timely goal will be the end result, which will be then reviewed in 4 weeks to see how well the patients get on, with the 45 diet. The focus within the 4 weeks is to see if there is any improvement in weight.

Legalization of Marijuana Should Not Happen Essay -- cannabis should no

The legalization of marijuana is a very controversial issue that is being debated across the United States. In the article "Going to Pot?," by Damon Linker, Linker attempts to persuade readers that legalizing of marijuana can cause more harm than help. This publication was released in November of 2001. Although two other writers, Richard Lowry and Andrew Sullivan, try to change readers beliefs Linker maintains his stance against marijuana. Without discrediting their facts he explains and defends why he feels they are wrong. The article is formal and although religion is not talked about, morals and society standards are questioned. Throughout the argument, Linker proves that effects of marijuana are detrimental to our society and will hinder social relations if legalized by our government. Linker is trying to sway the 34% of Americans who believe marijuana should be legalize to realize that more future problems will come from legalization. The audience Linker is reaching is primarily readers of the Religion and Public Life Monthly Journal. He is also trying to reach the 34% of Americans that approve the legalization of marijuana and the conservatives that seem to be shifting from prohibition to legalization. Linker focuses on today’s generation of parents and young adults because the choice will be in their hands soon. Society, as a whole, does not want marijuana to be legalized but as Linker states the attitudes appear to be shifting. The act of smoking marijuana is still perceived as bad and something that is looked down upon in society. The beliefs of people today are not the same as it was thirty years ago, and will continue to shift for times to come. Linker’s claims are logical and have basis. He p... ... article. This argument is good for the average American who knows little of the effects of marijuana. According to Linkers facts 66% of America still believe marijuana should not be legalized. This article is good for them because even if they were thinking of shifting opinions he proves that it would be wrong to legalize marijuana. Those Americans are the people that would agree with this argument because they want to believe that marijuana is harmful and should not be legalized. Obviously the other two authors and the 34% of America that believe marijuana should be legalized would disagree with this article. They could disagree with this continuously but the fact is that marijuana, however pleasurable it may be and seemingly less harmful than cigarettes, is still harmful in the long-term. The consequences of using and legalizing marijuana far outweigh the benefits.