Cultural Translation The Location Of Culture - 1824 Words

Sultan Molay Slimane University Faculty of Letters and Humanities SLCE Master Program 2016/2017 Cultural Translation SADIK SAMLALI Homi K. Bhabha: The Location of Culture (1994) INTRODUCTION â€Å"Locations of culture† In his book The Location of Culture (1994), Homi. K Bhabha tries to explore the question of how can we understand postcolonial cultures and to know where can we locate them. It is a seminal work that can be located within the sphere of multi-cultural awareness which emerged in 1990s to open horizons for studies on how hybridity and cosmopolitanism affects identity and culture. This book is also an attempt to go beyond what other preceding works stopped at. If E. Said (1978) focuses on the opposing binaries of west/non-west to argue on how cultures and identities should be described, Bhabha goes beyond such binaries through challenging that ideas that postcolonial cultures are the result of a monolithic and organic classification of human groups and that an individual’s identity is a mere consequence of fixed patterns of language manifesting in education, politics, gender, etc. On the contrary, Bhabha contends that cultural hybridity is the appropriate frame through which individuals and groups can be described and identified. For him, cultural hybridity has the ability to shape/reshape the individual as well as its identity. 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The Rise And The Spread Of Christianity Essay - 1154 Words

The rise and the spread of Christianity The Christianity thought to have been rise at the time when Jesus began to predicate his lessons to his followers in Judea and Galilee round the year 30 A.D. Then, it was spreaded through the Hellenistic world including all Greek speaking cities administrated from the Roman Empire. The key figure of Christianity is Jesus, about him we learned only in the Paul`s letters, one of his followers lived during the 50`s – 60`s A.D. Jesus born round 4 B.C.E in Nazareth, was a preacher and thought to have had unusually healing power. He became very popular and was followed by crowds of people wherever he went. His movement was considered as political power and so Roman empire concerned from Jesus arrested and crucified him. But this was not the end of his story, Paul of Tarsus began to preaches his lessons. In the 1st century AD the apostle Paul and other missionaries traveled through the Roman Empire and converted many people to Christianity. 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The spread of these new religions all shared certain unique aspects of spreading. These three religions shared what made them global and universal. Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism, fit the definition of world religion for the reasons that they each were not culturally specific nor gender specific, incorporated other religions and appealed to all social classes and these religions spread by way of war andRead MoreChristianity And Its Impact On The Development Of Christianity1283 Words   |  6 PagesChristianity was born and flourished in an empire where the common language was Latin and Greek. Two important people like Paul and Constantine further influenced and were a major part of the development of Christianity. 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Soccer the Game of My Life Free Essays

General purpose: To inform Goal: In my speech I would like to talk to my audience about soccer, which is my hobby. Introduction I. I am sure each of you have a hobby or an activity, which is an escape from the everyday life. We will write a custom essay sample on Soccer: the Game of My Life or any similar topic only for you Order Now II. Such as hobbies or sport activities let’s you relief the stress, and give you the strength to live. III. I also have a hobby, which is soccer. I play soccer since I was a little boy, and it had a big influence on my life. IV. Today, I would like to tell you about how playing soccer shaped my physical and mental strength, allowed me to travel, and meet people and friends. Body I. To begin, let’s talk about health benefits I gained from playing soccer. A. I shaped my overall physical strength and health. 1. Years of playing soccer let me keep my body in good shape. Running, jumping, and stretching, had build up my flexibility, endurance, and physical strength. 2. Continuous training allowed me to stay healthy all the time. Beside occasional colds or flu I never got sick. B. Pushing my body to hard work influenced my mental strength. 1. The desire to win the game and the endless forcing myself to work hard taught me to never give up, to â€Å"fight to the last whistle†. 2. Soccer allows me to escape from the everyday life. When I play soccer, I forget about all my worries and problems. During the game my stress is relived. Transition: Beside physical and mental health I also received many social benefits from soccer. II. I did travel a lot; I met many people, and made lots of friends. A. Many years of playing soccer allowed me visited many places. 1. Playing in regular season involved travel in a bus around the country. There was always time to stop to see important monuments, explore interesting places or cities. 2. To prepare for the season we often travel to other countries for several days. I have visited many cities in Russia, Ukraine, Slovakia, or Germany. 3. Now, when I am playing for Tarnovia Chicago, I do traveling as well. My team is participating in the soccer tournaments hosted in Wisconsin, Michigan, New Jersey, California, and Florida. B. While traveling with the team I met many new friends. 1. Traveling involves spending a lot of time with your teammates. Long bus and train rides, or living in the same room give plenty of time to play, talk, and get to know each other. 2. I also met many people on the field from the opponent teams. With some of those people we have set specific form of friendship, which only exists on the soccer field. We meet once a while at the game and we enjoy playing against each other. Conclusion Summing up my speech, soccer is a team sport, where the personal strengths, trust, and friendships between people are being formed. Those are the things I value the soccer for. How to cite Soccer: the Game of My Life, Papers

Current Native American Issue free essay sample

A current issue involving the Native Americans and the federal government is the settling of Cobell vs. Salazar Lawsuit filed in 1996. The lawsuit alleged illegal conduct in the management of Native American money held in trust accounts and managed by the Bureau of Indian Affairs. The trust was established to allow nontribal groups to use Native American lands. The trust contains money from oil and gas production, coal production, grazing leases, and timber sales. Elouise Cobell was the treasurer of the Blackfoot tribe in the 1980’s. During her time as treasurer she discovered many irregularities in the handling of funds held in trust by the United States. For over a decade Ms. Cobell worked with Washington to get resolution to the matter. After no response to her repeated request she filed her lawsuit. In her lawsuit Ms. Cobell asked the Department of the Interior to account for its management of individual accounts for Native Americans. We will write a custom essay sample on Current Native American Issue or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The monies in question are in a trust managed by the Bureau of Indian Affairs. Beginning in 1928 and ending in 1996, there have been over thirty audits performed on the accounts. All thirty audits noted serious accounting and management problems. There are many missing documents and others are totally inaccurate. The United States government has lost, misappropriated, or stolen billions of dollars from the Native Americans in this trust. The settlement of $3. 4 billion dollars is the largest ever in the history of America. A major problem with the settlement is the amount awarded to a person is based on money generated by their account. The accounts were mismanaged and will show inaccurate amounts of money earned. It is an on going effort to determine how many Native Americans the settlement will effect and how much money they will each receive.

chrysanthemums Essay Example

chrysanthemums Essay A Womans Frustration in the Gender-Divided World An Analysis of Steinbecks The Chrysanthemums In his 1933 letter to a friend, John Steinbeck talks about his newly composed short story The Chrysanthemums: It is entirely different and is designed to strike without the readers knowledge (qtd. in Segal 214). It has indeed achieved the effect: ever since its publication, critics and readers, who unanimously feel that something profound has happened to him (qtd. in Segal 214), try in each way to fgure out under and between the lines the theme of the story. While generally interpreting the ale as one about a womans frustration, critics put forward different reasons to explain the what and the how. Some critics relate the protagonist Elisa Allens discontent and loneliness to the fact that she has no children and therefore is thwarted in her motherhood; and others, perceiving that Elisa and her husband Henrys relation lacks deep understanding and passion, suggest that sex-starvation is the cause of her sense of repression; still others treat the story as a tale of a bored middle-age housewife, believing that Elisas discontent is caused by her vague onging for illusive romance (Segal 214). Undoubtedly these analyses help, in various degrees, shed light on the understanding of the tale. We will write a custom essay sample on chrysanthemums specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on chrysanthemums specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on chrysanthemums specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer However, they havent exhausted the complexity of the theme yet. If we approach the story by a close reading, taking adequate notice of the images and symbols which Steinbeck has carefully woven into the story, we may find that The Chrysanthemums is also a profound tale of gender, a story of the doomed frustration of a female who, in her attempt at self-fulfillment, unwittingly and yet inevitably trespasses upon the world branded as belonging to male gender. As we know, gender as a social construction, is the way we are socially defined. As Scott Carpenter points out: [o]ur lives are steeped in distinctions based on gender, and these distinctions have a real, demonstrable impact on the way people live and interact (89). As a woman, Elisas gender decides the role she should play, the work she is allowed to do, and the very style of life she has but to accept. In the binary oppositions of gender there exist two and only two possibilities: male and female, or Ladies and Gents. Transgressions are not tolerated, as Carpenter maintains, for inary oppositions are rarely even-handed, one term of the pair almost always enjoying the privileged status over the other (95). Therefore, in order to maintain male dominance and privilege over female, this proposition is rigorously maintainedor even policed(Carpenter 90). As soon as Elisa tries to break through the confinement of her gender, she inevitably bruises herself. The opening imagery sets the tone for the whole story. It not only depicts the protagonist Elisa Allens repressive life, but also foreshadows her inevitable disillusionment. The Salinas Valley is described as closed off by the high grey- alley a closed pot (Steinbeck 169). There is a prevailing sense of repression and confinement. Yet the repressive sense is mixed somehow with glimmering hope. We are told that the land floor of the valley is plowed deeply to receive the expected rains. It was a time of quiet and of waiting the light wind blew up so that the farmers were hopeful of a good rain (169). The land is expecting the nourishing rains; the protagonist is in a vague yearning of a relief from the barren and confined life. But the promise of rain is an irony: fog and rain do not go together (169). Similarly, the hope of breaking through the closed pot for Elisa is an illusion. When Elisa Allen first appears in the story, she is working in her flower garden with her chrysanthemums, while across the yard, her husband Henry is talking business with two businessmen by the tractor shed. Distinctly two worlds in binary oppositions of gender are presented to us: one is the female world of gardening and housekeeping, the other is the male world of business, machinery and farming. However, the problem of this distinction is immediately shown in the images of Elisas house and her way of gardening. The little house is hard-swept, the windows are hard-polished and even the mud-mat on the front steps is clean (italics added). She is doing more than good. Obviously, housekeeping is far from being a sufficient challenge for such an energetic and strong woman. Consequently, she pours her energy onto the gardening. Wearing a heavy gardening costume, a mans black hat, and clodhopper shoes, she works in a way a man treats his occupation; even her work with the scissors was over-eager, over-powerful. The chrysanthemum stems seemed too small and easy for her energy (169). Elisas bounded energy and otential finds its only outlet in growing chrysanthemums. But Henrys remarks on her flowers revealingly indicate the significance, or rather insignificance of her gardening: miouVe got a strong new crop coming (170). Its ironical praise, with the implication that the chrysanthemums are NOT crops and therefore are not of any value in a pragmatic sense. If we regard chrysanthemums as a symbol related to Elisas potential, then this potential is neither recognized nor valued. The tinker comes, bringing double illusions for rains-expecting Elisa. First, he enchants Elisa with an aura of a free life which Elisa has never had a taste of except n her imagination. In term of physical appearance, the sloppy stubble-beard tinker is by no means attractive. In fact, stopping in front of Elisas house, this strange sloppy team of man, horse, burro, and mongrel dog strikingly contrast with Elisas neat and clean house and wire-fenced garden. However, the tinkers nomadic and free way of life in the wagon sounds like a nice kind of a way to live to Elisa, awakening her lurking yearning for a different unbounded life (172). After conversing with the tinker for a while, she expresses her wish explicitly: It must be nice. I wish women could do such things. But, the tinkers answer [i]t aint the right kind of a life for a woman (175)indicates equally explicitly that this way of living is only for man, not right for woman. Elisa is wishing for something beyond her gender. The tinkers insincere praise of the chrysanthemums constitutes a deceiving that the tinker is interested in her flowers, [t]he irritation and resistance melted from Elisas face (173). Too excited in finding a person who knows the worth and value of her work, Elisa fails to notice the discernible lies in the tinkers oily words. She eagerly and excitedly transplants the buds for the tinker so that he can bring the flower to a lady who, as the reader knows, actually does not exist. The dramatic irony here echoes the irony in the opening imagery of false promise of the rain, building up continually until the last revelation for the protagonist. The encounter of the tinker and Elisa is also a confrontation between a man and a woman. Elisas eagerness to show her chrysanthemums results only from her excitement in finding a kindred spirit, but also is partly due to her intention to compete with the tinker in terms of competency for work. As we have noticed, the inkers sloppiness is in striking contrast to Elisas competent neatness. He is not efficient and competent except when he starts his work. When Elisa hands the saucepans for him to repair, [h]is manner changed. He became professional (174). But, Elisa launches her challenge. miou might be surprised to have a rival some time. I can sharpen scissors, too. And I can beat the dents out of little pots. I could show you what a woman might do (175). In terms of capability, Elisa is probably a far better worker. In offering the chrysanthemum buds she plants, Elisa shows her capacity and obtains a sense of triumphant pride. Enchanted by the free life of the tinker, and intoxicated by her sense of unfolding potential, Elisa imagines the night in the wagon: Every pointed star gets driven into your body. Its like that. Hot and sharp and†lively (174). If the statement is tinted with a sexual overtone, its more directed to the fascinating uninhibited life associated with the tinker rather than to the sloppy person himself. In this state of high-spirited fantasy, she murmurs good-bye to the tinker: Thats bright direction. Theres a glowing there (175). In the same state of mind, she returns to her house to have a bath before going to own with her husband. In the bathroom she tore off her soiled clothes and flung them into the corner. And then she scrubbed herself with a little block of pumice until her skin was scratched and red (176). She has to hold back the surging passion by dressing slowly. She put on her newest underclothing and her nicest stockings and the dress which was the symbol of her prettiness. She worked carefully on her hair, penciled her eyebrows and rouged her lips (176). Here the image of Elisa forms a contrast to her image in the garden. If we believe the garden image indicates Elisas o-called masculinity, then this one obviously asserts her femininity. Elisa seems to take on different gender features. Once again, gender features are called into question. A single either lor designation of gender, which speaks of our tendency for binary oppositions, is problematic when used to describe Elisa, who cannot be comfortably put into this arbitrary label. On the other hand, this change also corresponds to Elisas development of her sense privilege from mans world†the privilege of having ones own occupation. Convinced, after the encounter with the tinker, of her female potential, she is more confident ith her female self. Instead of hiding her female self under the guise of a man, she is now proudly manifesting it, unfolding herself like her chrysanthemums in full bloom. This change is, however, quite puzzling for Elisas husband. The latter blunders bewilderedly and helplessly upon seeing his wife in the house: you look different, strong and happy. When Elisa boasts, l am strong, Henry is almost stricken with fear. The familiar image of his wife seems to have undergone a mysterious change. However, Henry looked down toward the tractor shed, when he brought his eyes ack to her, they were his own again (176). He regains his composure. The world is still the old world under hismanscontrol. The realization of the same fact does not come to Elisa until she is on the way to Salinas. Far ahead on the road Elisa saw a dark speck. She knew (177). The tinker has deserted her chrysanthemum buds on the road. The chrysanthemum, whose value has not been recognized by the husband, is now more heartlessly deserted by the tinker. Ironically, that man has thrown away her treasure and kept the pot; the latter is obviously regarded as more useful. The unusual briefness of the statement she knew is charged with tension between the overwhelming pang of disappointment and Elisas ultimate effort to hold it down. The briefness of the sentence also implies the simplicity of the truth revealed to Elisa. This is the moment of epiphany for Elisa. She knows that all the while she has been manipulated by the tinker and cheated by the illusion he brings to her; she knows that her aspiration of unconfined fulfillment is totally impossible in this male dominated world; she knows that if she goes outside of the fence of her confined world and attempts something eyond what the society assigns for her gender, she inevitably bruises herself. Seized by an impulse to fight back and disgusted by the cruelty of men in their subjugation of their fellow creatures, Elisa asks Henry: at those prize fghts, do the men hurt each other very much? (177) But when Henry asks her whether she really wants to go to the prizefghts, she relaxe[s] limply in the seat. Oh, no. No. I dont want to go. Im sure I dont (177). She has no courage to venture any further into mans world now. It will be enough if we can have wine. It will be plenty (177). From gardening to wine, thats the farthest way Elisa could go. Gardening, which is usually a female Job but also occasionally attempted by men, can be done by Elisa with a tint of so-called masculinity; wine, which is a drink usually for a man, but is also allowed for a woman, can be drunk by Elisa without the danger of raising brows from the society. Elisa has been venting her repressed energy and emotion through planting chrysanthemums, and now she can only resort to the wine to quench her frustrated aspiration and to solace her bruised self-esteem. Elisa was crying weakly †like an old woman (177). She is a withered chrysanthemum now. forms a constrained point of view, corresponding with the fact that a females heart is generally not understood by the male world. In the story, neither husband nor tinker tries to comprehend Elisas inner feelings. Second, this narrative technique helps add ambiguity and complexity to the theme of the story, leaving enough space for the reader to speculate on the implied message. Most importantly of all, by using this objective point of view, Steinbeck refrains from making The Chrysanthemums a personal story, but instead, opens up a symbolic dimension. Elisas frustration is epicted not as a personal misfortune, but rather an indication of a prevailing issue in the gender-divided world: the impossibility for a woman to unfold her potential when she is confined to a subjugated role and receives only a limited possibility in the male-dominated world. Its amazing that as a male writer writing in an age when most writers concentrated on characterizations of men and their problems, Steinbeck could have such a keen perception of a womans aspiration and frustration. Its also amazing that by his adept use of symbols and carefully drawn images, Steinbeck renders so compellingly he vague and inarticulate yearnings and discontent of a woman, forcing the readers to make an attempt to understand and respect a womans heart and to rethink the validity of one of the basic foundations of the society†the division of gender. Works Cited Carpenter, Scott. Reading Lessons†An Introduction to Theory. New Jersey: Prentice- Hall, Inc. , 2000. Segal, David, et al. ed. Short Story Criticism. Vol. 2. Detroit: Gale Research Inc. , 1992. Steinbeck, John. The Chrysanthemums. British and American Fiction. Ed. Wang Shouren and Zhao Yu. Nanjing: Nanjing University Press, 1994.

Free Essays on Selective Mutism in Children

Selective Mutism in Children Selective mutism is an acquired disorder, in which a child is capable of speaking, and does so in many instances, but fails to speak in select situations where communication will typically occur. (Book) Selective mutism implies that a child suffering from this disorder does not choose to be silent, but rather become mute in situations that cause him/her to be anxious. (4) One of the most important aspects of defining this disorder is that the failure to speak is not due to the child’s lack of knowledge of spoken language or a communication disorder, but rather the psychological aspects of socialization. (8) Tramer initially labeled the disorder â€Å"elective mutism† in 1934, a term that is still used outside of North America, and it was viewed as a defiant behavior to overprotective and/or controlling parent(s). (7) In 1994, American Psychiatric Association, renamed the disorder â€Å"Selective Mutism† since the title was more appropriate for emphasizing that a child becomes mute in select social situations and not when he/she chooses not to communicate.(7) When exposed to new situations or overcoming a traumatic episode children often go through a phase of adjustment, where they may not speak for some period of time. (Book) This will not be termed selective mutism because of its course of development and etiology is different and will be managed in another way. (Book) Studies are still being conducted to figure out the minimum amount of time that a child has to be silent before he/she is diagnosed with selective mutism. For instance in a study by Brown and Lloyd, in 1975, came out with statistics regarding the number of children in school during their first year of school. (Book) When 6,072 children, that began the school year in silence, were observed started speaking with in a 32-40 week period. After an eight week period 42 children were silent, after 32 weeks 4 children and after 64 weeks only o... Free Essays on Selective Mutism in Children Free Essays on Selective Mutism in Children Selective Mutism in Children Selective mutism is an acquired disorder, in which a child is capable of speaking, and does so in many instances, but fails to speak in select situations where communication will typically occur. (Book) Selective mutism implies that a child suffering from this disorder does not choose to be silent, but rather become mute in situations that cause him/her to be anxious. (4) One of the most important aspects of defining this disorder is that the failure to speak is not due to the child’s lack of knowledge of spoken language or a communication disorder, but rather the psychological aspects of socialization. (8) Tramer initially labeled the disorder â€Å"elective mutism† in 1934, a term that is still used outside of North America, and it was viewed as a defiant behavior to overprotective and/or controlling parent(s). (7) In 1994, American Psychiatric Association, renamed the disorder â€Å"Selective Mutism† since the title was more appropriate for emphasizing that a child becomes mute in select social situations and not when he/she chooses not to communicate.(7) When exposed to new situations or overcoming a traumatic episode children often go through a phase of adjustment, where they may not speak for some period of time. (Book) This will not be termed selective mutism because of its course of development and etiology is different and will be managed in another way. (Book) Studies are still being conducted to figure out the minimum amount of time that a child has to be silent before he/she is diagnosed with selective mutism. For instance in a study by Brown and Lloyd, in 1975, came out with statistics regarding the number of children in school during their first year of school. (Book) When 6,072 children, that began the school year in silence, were observed started speaking with in a 32-40 week period. After an eight week period 42 children were silent, after 32 weeks 4 children and after 64 weeks only o...

Is Policy Modeling an Art or a Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Is Policy Modeling an Art or a Science - Essay Example According to Clausewitz and Graham Scientific discoveries came from Art therefore, there is no Science without the mixture of Art (2008 pg. 82). Policy modeling can either be an art or science. Policy Modeling according to Estrada is an experimental research work supported by use of different qualitative models techniques and hypothesis to assess the cause of the past policy implications and the effect of the same to the society globally in the future (2010). The policy modeling can be further classified into several categories; communications, infrastructure and transportation policy modeling; energy; the domestic and international trade policy modeling; miscellaneous policy modeling; environmental and natural resources management policy modeling; fiscal and government spending policy modeling; labor, employment and population policy modeling; institutional, regulation and negotiation policy modeling; production and consumption policy modeling; monetary, banking and investment polic y modeling; welfare and social policy modeling; technological and R&D policy modeling; economic growth and development policy modeling. It is complex to understand the socio-economic of world’s environment, for example, the different behavior of subsystems, sectors, and regions within different time zones.